Category: Startup Lawyers
New Australian laws in 2015 change the tax treatment of Employee Share Option Plans (ESOPs), making ESOPs usable by Australian startups for the first time since 2009. Basically, the way it used to work was that when you received equity “for free” the market value of that equity could be taxable when you received it. Now, that “free equity” can be taxed when you sell the equity – subject to your ESOP meeting certain conditions. However, the law doesn’t give startups a user-guide on how to create and manage ESOPs that qualify for the favourable tax treatment. From the currently available information, we set out what we can deduce about ESOPs in the context of Australia startup companies to help you understand more about ESOPs and how you can use them in your startup.
Terminology
- ESOPs are referred to as “Employee Share Schemes” (ESS) under the new Australian law . The term ESOP comes from the most commonly used term for such a legal scheme in the USA (employee stock option plan) and most startup literature uses this acronym. It’s important to remember though in Australia we don’t use the term “stock” – we use the term shares.
- Shares are a unit of direct ownership of the company, representing a piece of the total value of the company. For an ESOP, a share will usually be an “ordinary share” (note that Australians have ordinary shares - not common stock).
- Options are a right to be issued shares under certain circumstances (the passing of time, payment of money etc). Options defer the creation of the share until a future time – which means that under an ESOP, options that are issued may actually never result in any shares being issued.
- Securities is the collective term for shares and options.
What is an ESOP for a startup?
What is a compliant, tax effective ESOP?
The primary benefit of the new law is that under certain circumstances a recipient of ESOP securities will qualify for the small startup tax concession. This concession means the recipient will not be taxed on the market value of the securities on the day they receive the security, but instead will only be taxed when they dispose of the security.
To implement a compliant, tax effective ESOP for a startup, you need to have a few qualifying features:
- If your ESOP grants shares as well as options, the ESOP must be available to no less than 75% of employees that have been of service for 3 or more years.
- Any options issued under the ESOP must have an exercise price above the current market valuation of the ESOP securities.
- The company (and all other companies in a group) must not be older than 10 years.
- The group turnover must not exceed $50M per annum in the year the ESOP securities are issued.
- The ESOP must require that ESOP securities are held for no less than 3 years or until the holder ceases employment.
- The company must be an Australian tax resident and cannot be listed on a stock exchange.
In addition, the value of the ESOP securities (and in turn, the company) must be taken into account. Another benefit of the new laws are safe harbour valuation methodologies (valuation formulas that are approved by tax law) that make sensible, practical startup valuations possible. These methodologies acknowledge that despite any investment capital injected into a startup, the value of the company (and in turn, the ESOP securities) is often still closer to nil, given the risk that the company will not succeed. Where there is real value in the company (and in turn, the ESOP securities), to achieve the small startup tax concession and issue “free” securities, it will be necessary that the securities issued have an exercise price above the current valuation (namely options will need to be issued, not shares). If the company has a real value, and/or financial resources, it will be expected to use a comprehensive market valuation methodology to accurately determine the value of an ESOP securities. In this case, should you issue shares under the ESOP, only a small discount to market value will be tolerated.
The tax impact on issuing securities directly, without adopting a formal ESOP, is not dealt with in this post (although the new law makes it possible for the safe harbour valuation methodologies to be approved to apply in that circumstance).
What are the steps to implement an ESOP?
By definition, an ESOP is a “plan” and therefore is a formal written policy of the company, not just an ad-hoc issue of equity.
An ESOP will require:
- The formal rules of the ESOP, which sets out eligibility and what conditions can be set on ESOP securities, compliant with the requirements of the law.
- Adoption of the ESOP by the company, usually by a resolution of the directors. Many companies will require shareholder approval to adopt an ESOP under their constitution and/or shareholder agreement.
- A written offer (normally in the form of a standard letter) to invite participants to take up ESOP securities.
- Written acceptance of the offer by the participant, which includes being bound by the rules of the ESOP.
- Issuing the securities to the participant (usually evidenced by a resolution of the directors of the company, providing a certificate of those securities to the participant, updating and company’s registers and updating ASIC).
- A determination of the value of the ESS securities.
There will be a legal process involved in preparing all the documentation.
Some Critical Considerations for an ESOP
At General Standards, we work with hundreds of startups every year, and implementing an ESOP will have an impact on the overall running of the company, which must be taken into account:
- The whole problem with ESOPs has been “tax treatment”. Getting it wrong will have unexpected tax consequences for participants. Issuing securities under the ESOP is still a formal legal process that must be completed properly. Half-baked implementations are unlikely to be given sympathy by the Australian Tax Office. If the directors of a company represent to the team that their securities will be “tax free” and that is not the case, questions of liability for both the company and directors will be asked.
- The tax effectiveness of the ESOP is dependent on knowing the value of the ESOP securities – this will need to be formulated each time there is a grant of ESOP securities (especially where the company is growing and/or receiving investment).
- If you are receiving investment, using preference shares will be important to make sure that you are not inadvertently increasing the value of the ordinary shares, which need to be valued as low as possible for ESOP purposes. Issuing ordinary shares to investors could potentially make the safe harbour valuation methodologies of no assistance to the company.
- ESOP securities should still have a “risk of forfeiture” requiring that participants need to fulfil agreed obligations in order to own their securities without any risk (these are usually referred to as vesting conditions)
- Changes to employment agreements (and other service agreements) may be necessary to accommodate the ESOP and vesting conditions.
- A low valuation is a good thing when it comes to ESOPs – don’t let your ego get in the way!
Do you need a lawyer or accountant to implement an ESOP?
It is likely that most startups will require assistance implementing an ESOP. Our experience at General Standards, working with hundreds of early stage startups each year, has shown that even simple corporate actions (such as director resolutions) are often not completed properly. Therefore it will be prudent to have a professional assist the directors to setup the ESOP. In addition, many startup directors may wish to obtain formal tax advice before issuing ESOP securities to make sure that their valuation methodologies are sound. On that basis, getting legal and/or accounting advice makes sense, especially while these laws are so fresh.
In the future, it is likely that newly incorporating companies will be able to adopt an ESOP at (or very close to) incorporation, resulting in the ability to use standardised documentation without legal or tax complications. If you’re already in business, and especially if you’re generating revenue or have raised capital, then there are a lot of variables to consider, and it is unlikely such simplicity will be available to you.
In Conclusion…
The new ESOP laws are a positive step for Australian startups. Like all things, it is easy to consider the negative elements, and these laws are by no means perfect or completely clear (and on that basis, if you think we’ve got something wrong, please let us know). However, they are better than what we’ve had since 2009.
However, you have to take laws in the context of the whole business landscape. Australia still remains a simple and stable jurisdiction to do business; the last budget gives startups great tax relief in the form of more deductions, a soon-to-be-lowered corporate tax rate and these new ESOP laws; we have great programs like the R&D Tax Incentive and Export Market Development Grants – all of which make Australia a wonderful country in which to live as an entrepreneur.
If you’d like to discuss implementing an ESOP with General Standards, we have a number of dedicated free ESOP consultation times available each week (book here). Prices start from $2,000 and include all documentation and the issue of securities to your first 2 participants.
This post does not constitute legal or tax advice, and General Standards recommends you seek the assistance of a lawyer when implementing an ESOP.
General Standards founder Kurt Falkenstein was interviewed by The Australian Women’s Weekly with his startup lawyer tips for investing in startups and small businesses. Also interviewed was Sydney Founder Institute director Benjamin Chong (General Standards is the official Australian legal partner to Founder Institute). The article has great practical tips on how women (and men!) should approach making investments in private companies.
For years, people who are starting corporations in the USA have been told to register in Delaware. That state has traditionally been known as one of (if not the) most business-friendly jurisdictions throughout the country, and there are several key reasons why.
Court of Chancery
The Court of Chancery was established in 1792, and over the last two and a half centuries has issued some of the most well-known decisions in corporate law of any judicial system in the United States. As a result of the breadth of knowledge and expertise held by the judges serving on the Court of Chancery, and the integral part that Delaware has played in the formation of corporate law in the U.S., not only has Delaware created an standardized body of case law that’s known to attorneys everywhere, but courts in other states will often look to Delaware decisions when facing new issues.
Corporate Flexibility
The corporate laws of Delaware have been established through both Court of Chancery cases and statutory regulations. The Delaware legislature has always been cognizant of the role that it plays in the formation of corporate law, and as such Delaware has taken a unique approach. In particular, Delaware corporate law serves more as a set of guidelines than requirements. For example, corporations that are formed in Delaware have great latitude to structure themselves internally through the use of committees and to limit the liability of directors and officers.
In addition to the latitude that the corporate statutes afford corporations, Delaware is also attractive because it allows a corporate entity to change its structure. Unlike in most states where once a corporation (or other entity, such as an LLC) is formed, the only way for that corporation to become an LLC, for instance, is by forming a new LLC and merging the two companies together. Delaware, however, permits a corporation to transform itself into an LLC (or other alternative entity) and vice versa.
Costs
Delaware is among the cheaper states to register a new corporation and, if your corporation will actually be doing business outside of Delaware, then it will not pay any income taxes to Delaware. The one area where Delaware is not unique, unfortunately, is that all corporations that are not doing business in DE must pay an annual franchise tax.
In conclusion, Delaware has rightfully earned its reputation as a business-friendly state and an attractive location for anyone thinking about forming a new corporation.
Fundraising
If you plan to raise money from outside investors, incorporating in Delaware is the common choice. Delaware has a well understood body of corporate law and familiarity is important when you are asking for money. If you incorporate your startup in Ohio or Colorado, venture capitalists may be weary due to their lack of knowledge regarding that state’s laws. You want to eliminate any obstacles a business entity or state of incorporation may cause in order to minimize the friction between investor and founder.
In an effort to save money, an entrepreneur will take a short cut and copy another website’s Terms of Service or use a template off the web. How important can the terms actually be? You’ll rarely overhear someone exclaiming, “I always read the terms of service!” In fact, you’re much more likely to hear, “I’ll just copy these blocks of boilerplate onto my site. What’s the worst that could happen?!”
While admirable in a bootstrapping sense, this do-it-yourself approach can get you into hot water. Your Terms of Service is a legal document. If you don’t understand the clauses you are copying and pasting, you might find yourself expending a lot of time and – importantly – money down the road.
Let’s start out by understanding why a Terms of Service agreement (TOS for short, but also known as “Terms of Use” or “Terms and Conditions”) is important. This document is a binding legal contract that you form with the users of your website. Whether read or unread, the TOS governs what happens on your website. Among other things, it should govern what content you own on your site, your responsibility for data collected on your site, and all payments you receive for services or goods offered on your site. Your TOS will be a crucial document if you’re ever pulled into court if a user sues you. These are just a handful of the important reasons to have an appropriate and properly considered TOS in place.
Now that you understand the significance of the TOS, here are some reasons you should think twice about simply copying someone else’s TOS.
Reason Number One Not to Copy: This is Someone Else’s Copyrighted Work
Wholesale copying and pasting of another website’s TOS and passing it off as your own amounts to copyright infringement. Despite having similar sounding language and a general lack (but not absence) of creativity, TOS’s are protected materials under copyright law. Copying and pasting this same document and posting it on your website is legally similar as passing off another’s photograph as your own. You should have a lawyer draft a TOS specifically for your website, or look into an appropriate open-source licensed TOS.
Reason Number Two Not to Copy: Ensuring You Own Your Content
An essential part of your TOS addresses who owns the content on your website. Things like your company name and logo posted on your site, original content you generate and post on your site, like articles or photos, and even some user-generated content, constitutes your intellectual property. If you copy and paste this section from another website, they might have a different scheme of content ownership, and you may inadvertently give up your IP rights to your original content. Therefore, you want this section to be specific to your website and comprehensive in its explanation of your content and IP rights in that content.
Reason Number Three Not to Copy: Data Collection
Data collection refers to a section in your TOS that details what kind of data you collect about your users and what you do with that data. This section is so important for sites that collect large amounts of user data, this section is often folded into a separate privacy policy. In fact, many states (e.g., California) and foreign jurisdictions mandate the posting of privacy policies.
Data collection practices will vary greatly based on the type of website you are operating. The type of data a social network is going to collect is different from the data collected by a retail or commerce website. Anytime you collect personally identifying information, such as user’s contact information, credit card numbers, photographs, etc., you should have a clearly defined policy which sets out what you plan to do with this information and how you will be sharing it. This section needs to be tailored to your particular website and to the services it offers.
Reasons Number Four Not to Copy: Out of State Litigation
In every TOS, there is a section that addresses where disputes that arise under the TOS will be litigated. If you copy and past another website’s TOS, you may inadvertently be requiring yourself to litigate in California under California Law when you live in and conduct your business in New York. So, in copying someone else’s TOS you could be volunteering to be pulled into a court halfway across the country (or even in another country!) if sued by a user, which is a time consuming and expensive endeavor.
Reason Number Five Not to Copy: Receiving Payments for Services from Users
How you receive payments for your goods or services, when you receive those payments, what warranties you offer customers, etc., are important issues for any business. Websites aren’t any different. You need to let your users know the terms associated with payment for your products, so in the event of non-payment, refunds, or other types of disputes, you have evidence that the user agreed ahead of time to those terms, as set out in your TOS.
These are just a few areas impacted by a TOS. To ensure you have terms that adequately protect your interests, your best bet is to seek the advice of an attorney who can help tailor the agreement to your needs. To speak with an experienced attorney from General Standards, click here.
Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome